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Healthcare Synthesis

Using the South University online library, the Internet, and the data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), research comparative international work and compare the United States and Canada with respect to which country is more effective in the areas of (1) economic growth; (2) expenditure (public and private expenditure on health); (3) information and communications technology; and (4) health.

Click here to access data from the OECD.

On the basis of your observations, create a 1- to 2-page report.

Your report should address the following questions:

•After going through the statistics:
◦What information or statistic you find either surprising or reasonable?
◦Do you anticipate the statistics will be similar in ten years? Why or why not?
•The current structure of healthcare coverage in the United States has a combination of employer-based coverage and public program (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid) coverage, with a large uninsured population. If a single-payer system is implemented where Medicare is expanded to cover all citizens for those who prefer private insurance, there will be comparable coverage under the same range of private insurance plans already available. Keeping in mind these considerations, answer the following questions:
◦What do you think about allowing some people to purchase additional insurance, thereby creating a two-tier health system based on affordability?
◦What are the advantages and disadvantages of this initiative?
•Considering the fact that healthcare is not a guaranteed right for everyone in the United States, there are different kinds of barriers and obstacles in obtaining healthcare. In contrast to this fact, the notions of equity and fairness are considered very important. You will notice that these notions aren’t considered when we discuss people’s access to other goods, such as cars and computers.
◦What are these barriers? Give examples of the different barriers to health care under the following headings:
◾Financial barriers
◾Scarcity of healthcare providers
◾Barriers to access healthcare
◾Cultural barriers
◾Barriers of healthcare resources
◦How would you define the term, “equity and fairness”, in the context of the healthcare situations prevailing in the United States and Canada?
◦Why are they considered important when discussing people’s access to care?
•It is believed that government funded healthcare for all citizens is consistent with a capitalist economy and the cultural values of self-determination and free enterprise.
◦Do you agree with this statement? If not, what other approaches do you think will resolve the current inequities in the system?

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*must also complete handout*

Choose two issues or challenges that the leaders of today’s health care organizations face. Select from among the following topics:

1. Staff Shortage (Physicians, Nurses, Allied Health Providers, Ancillary Services)
2. Reorganization in Response to Merger or Consolidation of Services
3. Layoffs as a Result of Declining Revenues
4. Influx of Registry, Part-Time, and Temporary Contract Staff
5. Poor Performance Outcomes Leading to a Reduction in Medicare Reimbursement Dollars

6. Poor Job Satisfaction Rates Resulting in Turnover

You are the manager of an ancillary service department at a large, 500+ bed hospital. Develop a proposal (750-1,200 words) that is directed toward your staff, in which you address the following:

• Inform the staff of the two issues (from the topics provided) your organization is facing.

• Describe the impact of these issues on your department.

• Describe how improved communication, collaboration, and teamwork can improve conditions in your department.

• Identify at least two examples from the required or recommended readings of techniques found to foster inclusion and improve communication and collaboration.

• A minimum of three academic references from credible sources are required for this assignment.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.

Rubric:

1.Two issues/challenges are identified from among those listed in the assignment instructions.
2.Comprehensive and compelling discussion regarding organizational issues, their impact, opportunities for improvement, and recommendations to foster a shared vision is offered.
3.Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
4.There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
5.Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
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Final Presentation: Part I

Look ahead at the Final Presentation directions in Week Five. The assignment this week is Part I of that presentation. For this assignment, Part 1, you will provide an overview of the U.S. healthcare system. Follow the instructions below to complete this part of your Final Presentation:

Introduction: Include a title slide. Next, include an introductory slide where you will identify yourself and describe the nature of this presentation.
Part I (of the Final Presentation): The U.S. healthcare system. Define the U.S. healthcare system by addressing the following:

◦Describe the history of the U.S. health care system. Include at least three of the revolutionary factors (e.g., the teacher’s union in Dallas, Texas; The American Medical Association; Civil War, first Marine Hospital, etc.). Chapter two in our textbook discusses the evolution of our healthcare system and is a good resource for this part of the presentation.

◦Identify at least one major development from each of the following: financial, legal, ethical, regulatory, and social [e.g., consumer demand] that transformed the system into what it is today. You may want to revisit the healthcare timeline.

•Differentiate the stakeholders and their roles (e.g., healthcare professionals, clients [patients], health insurance organizations, government,colleges, and health care agencies◦Include the positive and negative contributions of how they affect the health care system).

Creating Part 1 of the Final Presentation for the Week 3 Assignment
Part 1 of the Final Presentation must:

◦Be 5 to 7 slides (excludes the title slide and reference slides) and be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

◦Be presented using Microsoft PowerPoint slide presentation. You have a choice of one of the following options for adding the narrative to your presentation. Option 1 is using voice or Option 2 is adding speaker notes to each slide.

◾Option 1: Recording your voice on each slide. You can view the tutorial using this link: adding and recording voice to each slide.You can also click on the following links to view the Accessibility Statement and Privacy Policy. If you choose this option, you must include your APA formatted citation in the speaker note section of the PPT as well.

◾Note: if you use the voice option, make sure your recordings are clear and concise. It is also important to know that adding voice narrations that are too lengthy and adding graphics may cause your PPT file to be very large (megabytes). You may have trouble loading it to Waypoint. Revisions may be necessary if this occurs.

◾Option 2: Using speaker notes for each slide in the PPT. You can review the tutorial using this link: adding speaker notes to your presentation. You can also click on the following links to view the Accessibility Statement , and thePrivacy Policy.
◾Speaker notes are the typed notes that appear below the slide that complement the presentation slides. Whereas the slides will have short bulleted items, the speaker notes will be more detailed. They are essentially what the presenter would say during the presentation to explain each of the bulleted points on the slide. Therefore, it is important that the speaker notes are concise and detailed when explaining the bullet points.
insert notes

◾It is recommended that PowerPoint Slides contain no more than five bullet points and should not contain more than 5 – 7 words each. Do not type paragraphs or long sentences on the slide. The information that explains each bullet point is conveyed via speaker notes or by recording your voice to each slide.

◾It is required that the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation include the use of a voice or speaker notes. If you choose to use the voice capabilities within PowerPoint, you must include your citations in the speaker notes for each slide.

◦Be visually engaging. For assistance with designing the visuals for your presentation, view the video Don McMillan: Life after death by PowerPoint (click on the following links to view theAccessibility Statement or the Privacy Policy) or the PowerPoint Best Practices tool.

◦Include a title slide with the following:◾Title of the presentation
◾Student name
◾Course name and number
◾Instructor name
◾Date submitted

◦Address the sections in the order outlined above (Introduction, Part I, II, III, and IV).

◦Present the issues with critical thought.

◦Use at least two scholarly sources (none of which should be media commentary, at least one should be from the Ashford University Library).

◦Document all sources in APA format (including graphics, charts and pictures that may be used within the presentation).Wikimedia Commons is a recommended source for creative commons images (to view the privacy policy, click here).

•Include a separate reference slide formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
If you are unable to access the technology for this assignment due to a documented accommodations on file with the Office of Access and Wellness, inform your instructor as soon as possible.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

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Assignment 2: Competiveness and Performance Effectiveness for Health Care IT Systems

Due Week 8 and worth 250 points

Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:

1.Define the fundamental responsibilities and key characteristics of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) within health care organizations. Make one (1) recommendation where they can utilize their expertise to assist with employee and patient satisfaction. Support your response with related examples of such expertise in use.
2.Suggest two (2) developing technologies that health care systems should use in order to improve health care processes and thus increase the quality and lower the cost of health services. Provide a rationale to support your response.
3.Determine two (2) significant methods that health care systems should use in order to prevent misuse of information and protect data privacy and thus achieve a high level of security of health information. Provide a rationale to support your response.
4.Suggest one (1) strategy for health care organizations to train providers in using technology in health care. Provide a rationale to support your response.
5.Provide three (3) best practices for effective IT alignment and strategic planning initiatives. Justify your response.
6.Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:

•Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
•Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

•Examine the impact technologies have on health care information systems.
•Describe the basic components of a strategic information system plan.
•Describe the major types and classifications of health care information standards and the specific organizations that develop and regulate these standards.
•Discuss the need for, and identify methods of, accomplishing the security of information systems.
•Evaluate the impact of strategic information system plans on organizational competiveness and performance.
•Use technology and information resources to research issues in health information systems.
•Write clearly and concisely about health information systems using proper writing mechanics.

Critical Factors in Implementing an IT System in Health Facilities

Model Paper

Strayer University

HSA 315 Health Information Systems

What are Critical Factors in Implementing an IT System in Healthcare Facilities?

The focus of this paper is to address the following topics: identify key reasons why healthcare organizations (HCO) are reluctant to implement electronic medical record (EMR) programs. Review how the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has an impact on the storage and security of patient medical records (PMRs). Describe several pros-and-cons of how the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act affects healthcare professionals. Analyze the primary ways that federal initiatives impact the standards of health care information. Specify the advantages of applying the information technology (IT) system within an HCO, and predict new IT developments in the healthcare field in the upcoming decades.

Why are HCOs Reluctant to Implement EMRs?

HCOs cite various reasons for not converting to EMRs. Three of these are financial barriers, organizational and behavioral barriers, and privacy and security barriers (Wager, Lee, & Glaser, 2013). Financial cost is the most common barrier given for not updating to EMRs. The cost to install a fully-operational EMR system is estimated to be from $15,000 to $50,000 (Wager et al.,2013). For a small practice, typically eight or fewer physicians, this is an unaffordable expense. Approximately seventy-eight percent of practicing physician’s in the U.S. fall into this category (Wager et al., 2013). Larger HCOs can justify the cost of implementing a new EMR system, but the setup time and personnel training usually result in a decrease of productivity. Production loss is estimated to be from ten to fifteen percent during the first few months of EMR usage (Wager et al., 2013). Many HCOs are not willing to accept this monetary loss in production.

Organizational and behavioral barriers include physician resistance to conversion from PMR to EMR. Provider workflow is affected in the early application of the EMR system. Caretakers must respond to various alerts and reminders while typing notes into patient’s files. Once an individual becomes familiar with the software, they can maneuver about the system without difficulty. Another problem is different state regulations concerning the installation of EMR systems, security, and licensing (Wager et al., 2013).

Privacy and security barriers are a major concern in the healthcare industry. With all the documented cases of personal information being compromised, and the subsequent lawsuits, no one is willing to accept the responsibility to ensure that patient information is kept confidential. HIPAA, and especially HITECH, are written specifically to address these issues (Wager et al., 2013).

How HIPAA Impacts Patient Medical Records (PMR).

HIPAA or Public Law 104-191 became effective on August 21, 1996. There are several parts of this Act. Under Title II, you have the Privacy Rule, Transactions Rule, Security Rule, Identifiers Rule, and the Enforcement Rule (104th Congress, 1996).

The Privacy Act is one of the key contributors to Privacy and Security Barriers. The law applies federal standards to the security and handling of protected health information (PHI). PHI refers to any information that describes an individual’s health status; the type of healthcare provided or its subsequent payment. It also pertains to patient identification information handled, stored, or transmitted (104th Congress, 1996). All information is protected by law in any form (physical, electronic, or oral-based) (104th Congress, 1996). This Act also permits the patient’s to examine and obtain copies of their personal healthcare information (Wager et al., 2013).

The Transactions Rule mandates the usage of medical terms, concepts, diagnosis and procedure codes. ICD-9-CM was the standard for medical coding but effective October 1, 2014 ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, and ICD-10-PCS procedural codes became the medical coding standard (Wager et al., 2013). A new set of internationally accepted codes is already being developed to replace the ICD-10 codes. Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMEDCT) are, “a comprehensive set of standard terms for clinical information for use in electronic health records” (White & Griffith, 2014). This system is in use in many countries, including the United States (U.S.).

The Security Rule establishes guidelines on the accessing, auditing, storing, and transmitting of EMRs (104th Congress, 1996). Meeting HIPAAs standards under this rule is another critical factor in the Privacy and Security Barriers. Two plans enforced under this rule are the Backup and Recovery Plan and Incidence Response Plan. Backup and recovery focuses on the ability to restore electronic PHI and EMRs if it is corrupted or lost. HCOs must have an in-place strategy that meets HIPAA standards to ensure ongoing business operations in the case of a catastrophic EMR system event. Incidence response applies when PHI become compromised in some manner. A plan on how to respond to such an issue is essential (104th Congress, 1996).

The Identifiers Rule standardizes specific codes used on PHI to regulate administrative data. These rules fall into three categories; Standard Unique Employment Identifier, National Provider Identifier (NPI), and the Health Plan Identifier (HPID). The Standard Unique Employment Identifier is the same as the Employer Identification Number (EIN) used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and identifies an employer providing healthcare benefits to an employee. The NPI is a ten-digit number that identifies healthcare providers. HIPPA uses this unique identifier for administrative and financial transactions (104th Congress, 1996).

Approved by the HHS on September 5, 2012, the HPID is a unique identifier used by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Controlling health plans (except small health plans) must be compliant with this regulation and get HPIDs by November 5, 2014. Small health plans must obtain HPIDs by November 5. 2015 (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2014).

Advantages and Disadvantages of HITECH?

The Enforcement Rule or HITECH become effective on February 17, 2009. It is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 and is also a part of HIPAA. The Act is designed to promote, support, and financially assist with the transition from paper PMR to EMR. EMR compliance provides multiple benefits in overall healthcare performance (Wager et al, 2013).

Advantages include a reduction in medical errors. Most medical errors occur from erroneous interpretation of illegible handwritten physician notes or prescriptions. EMR systems make accessibility to personal health information easier for caregivers. More complete and current EMR decrease redundant medical procedures. Filing and sorting are no longer necessary with the elimination of paper health records improving overall patient care workflow (Wager, et al., 2013).

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